RWB

Just what will be in Chapter 4.

Hmmm...that's awfully reasonable, useful and potentially cost reducing. Not sure if "Corporate America" is ready for that.

...or what or who; millions of individual and community decisions over thousands of years.

The business is merely making a statement about itself - there's no endorsement by NGC or others. How many coins in a "ton" weight? Long ton or short ton? Metric or English? In slabs or raw? Etc.....

Glad you thought it was "super fluid." I thought it was obvious - but at times that is necessary to refocus.

There is no "when." Religious mottoes have been around as long as people. Public display - about the same. (My opinion about IGWT is that it is better balanced than God Our Trust on a three-section ribbon Longacre preferred. GOT had three character groups each with 3 - 3 - 5 letters. IGWT also has three character groups but arranged 5 - 3 - 5, the latter being a better visual balance than GOT.) In any case, it appears that Sec Chase chose IGWT only for the new 2-cent coin when he selected the shield versus Washington portrait for the coin. It was a year later before it became a more general statement.

The OP received a clear response to her question within the first few posts. It appears the OP did not want to accept the answer. End of story. Not sure why the balance of the thread exists.

For those who want to pursue the underlying subjects, I suggest reading materials on the "Crittenden Compromise" of 1861. It's interesting that Pollock, who was deeply, almost perversely religious, had no qualms about profiteering for producing and selling pattern pieces and novodels. (It was Pollock, not Sec. Chase, who pushed a religious motto on coins.)

The sentence does not remove the crime or mitigate counterfeiting. You'll have to post the PSIR.

It's pheromones....that's how to tell the difference.

...but only "crushed" if one believed those absurd "prices" were actually values. Much the same occurred with phony "first stricken" and other bologna-worthy designations.

These can be clipped to an ear or nose for convenient use when browsing a coin bourse!

Doesn't matter how "awful" they are. Anything in a "likeness or similitude" of a legal tender coin is a counterfeit and subject to the same 10-years room and board as if they were "perfect." Counterfeits are known of all dates and mints, but some are seldom seen. These are usually of the rarest dates where potential buyers are expected to be very cautious and demand independent authentication.

Pollock sent an advance copy to the Treasury Secretary, and newspapers in Philadelphia, New York and Washington. It was a small salvo in the conflict between Johnson and radical Rs in Congress. The official war had ended, but conflict continued in southern cities and border states. Bands of Confederate soldiers took to banditry, and vigilante groups routinely murdered anyone advocating equal rights for all - including the newly emancipated. Johnson wanted rebellious states seated in Congress as quickly as possible. The radicals wanted a restoration of civil, economic and political order before that. Constitutional Amendments #14 and #15 were a means of legally guaranteeing rights even though almost impossible to implement on the practical level. (See New Orleans Massacre of July 1866 and Memphis May 1866 for more information; also the Reconstruction Acts.) Following Grant's inauguration in 1869, Pollock was reappointed as replacement for Dr H R Linderman. The whole spoils system of politicizing everything including government employment only made matters worse.

RE: "Thoughts on Grading options." Do you mean Puts and Calls, or when you're vested in incentive options, or....?

Newlin sold an 1815 to the Mint Cabinet for $299. December 4, 1885.

Gone.

Hold the coin in natural daylight and use a Kodak 18% gray card as the background. That will help you see the real color of the coin. The standard light color is 5500 degrees Kelvin.... Daylight LEDs are OK, too. Fluorescent lights are very deceptive.

To add to the misery of plastic slabs, small coins - commonly dimes and smaller - are found sitting at angles in holders, and nto parallel to the slab faces.

Not if they look as much like the originals as possible. Now if you find eggs in the slabs, then ya' got t' wonder....

None of the TPGs have an empirical system for separating MS-69 from MS-70, or indeed any other "grads" of uncirculated coins.

James Pollock, former governor of Pennsylvania, was mint director from 1861 through October 1, 1866. He resigned under pressure from President Johnson, and his previously unpublished letter to the President helps to make clear both his background and reasons for the decision. When reappointed in 1869 by President Grant, Pollock fired nearly all employees who had been pointed by Johnson during the terms of directors Millward and Linderman. Mint of the United States Philadelphia September 14, 1866 His Excellency Andrew Johnson, President of the United States Sir: I hereby tender to you my resignation of the office of Director of the United States Mint, which I hold under the appointment and commission of our late and ever to be lamented President, Abraham Lincoln. I cannot approve your “Policy,” as defined by yourself in your late public speeches, and practically illustrated in deeds of violence and blood by its advocates and defenders in Memphis, New Orleans, and elsewhere. I cordially and unhesitatingly approve of the Constitutional amendment proposed by Congress. They embody the true policy of reconstruction – are just and more magnanimous than treason had any right to expect or in justice to demand. Their adoption, in my opinion, would at once restore harmony and peace to every section of our country. I desire the earliest possible reconstruction of the Union, upon the basis of truth, honor, justice, liberty, and equality. This will be done, and I will labor earnestly for its accomplishment; but in the name of the patriot dead of the late war, and the living and loyal millions who then stood and still stand by the nation’s flag, I protest against giving to the late rebellious States a premium for treason and rebellion by increasing their political power, or granting to unrepenting Rebels the right to make laws for their antagonists; to govern the true friends of the Union, whilst in their hate of freedom they disregard the rights of emancipated millions, and deny to the loyal citizens of the United States the ordinary privileges of American citizenship. I cannot sacrifice my manhood for office, not will I approve, under any circumstances, that which every sentiment and feeling of my heart condemn. I regret the necessity that compels me to address you thus. I could say more; I can say no less. Longer silence would be dishonor. I will delay sending this until your return to Washington. Very respectfully yours, James Pollock

"Census" totals (really "population") report coins authenticated and graded. They do not include pieces that were genuine but not gradable, the number of times each coin was submitted, or coins that were not submitted. These make population reports almost useless and correlation with other sources largely coincidence.

We see occasional notes on small business counters (N Virginia, Maryland, DC) requesting exact change or offering to exchange bills for quarters, but there's no overall trend that I've seen. The local 7-11 type places seem to be doing a lot more transactions with credit/debit cards than a couple of years ago. Much the same for fast food joints.

The best photo is the one that most closely resembles the original coin. (Also, neither photo is sharp.)