Sandon

The "FS" stands for "Fivaz-Stanton", Bill Fivaz and the late J.T. Stanton, the authors of the Cherrypickers' Guide to Rare Die Varieties. Whitman just published sixth edition Volume II, covering half dimes through quarter dollars, available at whitman.com and elsewhere. Unfortunately, Volume I, which includes cents and nickels, is already out of print. You might be able to locate a second-hand copy of the sixth or an earlier edition. (Prior to the sixth edition, there were only two volumes.) Most if not all of the varieties listed in the Cherrypickers' Guide are included in VarietyPlus.

1909 Liberty nickel, PCGS graded MS 64: Photos courtesy of Stacks Bowers Galleries.

I generally don't get excited about repunched mintmarks, but this one is significant. It does appear to be the 1956-D RPM-001 variety, also listed as FS-501 in the Cherrypickers Guide. Here is a photo from NGC VarietyPlus.

1944 Lincoln cent, NGC graded MS 66 RD:

Welcome to the NGC chat board. We really can't render an opinion on your coin without seeing photos. The most likely explanations are either a damaged coin, which would reduce whatever value it would otherwise have, or a filled die, which would add little or no value and wouldn't be desirable to most large cent collectors. 1855 is not the only year that Braided Hair type large cents (1839-57) had slanted 5s in the date. The 5s on all pieces dated 1850-54 are somewhat slanted, and both 1855s and 1856s come with both slanted and upright 5s.

As I recall, these sets, which I don't think are listed in the "Redbook", contained regular finish uncirculated "P" and "D" coins of each of the two reverse types as well as an "S" mint proof of each reverse type. I didn't buy these and am not entirely sure.

1936-S "Mercury" dime, PCGS graded MS 65 FB:

Welcome to the NGC chat board. While I appreciate the time you've obviously taken in studying this 1998-D quarter and writing your initial post, the coin poses no mystery to me whatsoever. It is simply a coin that has been mutilated after it left the mint. There are a limited number of things that can happen to a coin during the manufacturing process, while the kinds of damage it can receive after leaving the mint are infinite. It may have been caught in a piece of machinery whose steel parts dented, scraped and warped the coin. The displaced metal that surrounds every dented and deformed area of the coin indicates that it is due to an impact from something harder than the copper and copper nickel coin metal. There is no indication that the damage came from coinage dies or mint equipment. The coin has obviously spent some time in circulation, while most major mint errors have usually been found (most often, I understand by bank tellers and at counting houses) before they have acquired circulation wear. If you've looked through error-ref.com, you know that there is no class of error that resembles this coin. Contrary to what you may have seen on the internet, it is extremely unusual to find any major mint error in circulation. I have been collecting coins and searching through my and others' change for over fifty years, and the most significant mint errors I've found are a couple of broadstruck quarters and a blank cent planchet, each worth only a few dollars apiece. I have found countless pieces that were damaged in various ways and know them for what they are. I know only one person who ever received a significant error in change, an uncirculated cent that had been overstruck by nickel dies handed to this collector of many years by a grocery store clerk and since certified by NGC--the find of a lifetime, if ever. Traditionally, mint errors have been the province of advanced collectors who had first learned about the history, types, dates, mints and major varieties of coins and how to grade and otherwise evaluate them before turning to mint errors. Without this knowledge and a fairly good understanding of the minting process, you are in the position of a person who is attempting to do graduate level work without completing elementary school. Apart from error-ref.com what resources (print and online) have you studied to learn about coins?

Welcome to the NGC chat board. Although NGC does not offer free advice, you are welcome to post questions about and photos of coins on the "Newbie Coin Collecting Questions" forum, where forum members, many of whom are very experienced collectors, will provide you with their opinions. Your 1992-D quarter does not appear to be a mint error but to have been altered or damaged after it left the mint. A photo of the edge might be helpful, as would better cropped photos that show almost entirely the coin and not the surface on which it sits. Never hold a coin that you think may have collector value in your bare hands! That's how they become discolored and worn.

Unfortunately, the purported 1870-S Liberty Seated dollar is also counterfeit. The 1870-S is an extremely rare issue of which only nine pieces are known to exist. The genuine ones have the motto above the eagle and a much smaller "S" mintmark, as well as other characteristics that don't match your piece. See 1870 S $1 MS | Coin Explorer | NGC (ngccoin.com) for photos of and information about the genuine coin.

Unlike error-ref.com, Wikipedia is not a reliable source for numismatic information, especially where the editor has noted that the article has "multiple issues", including that it "does not cite any sources" and that "the verifiability of the claims made in this article is disputed". Plating blisters being hollow doesn't mean that you can push them in with a toothpick! They are extremely common, especially on earlier copper-plated zinc cents. If you like them, you are free to collect them. I'm sure you'll find many of them.

I agree that these are plating blisters. See https://www.error-ref.com/?s=plating+blister.

Uncertified 1893-S Liberty half eagle, purchased at a local coin auction in October 1993. My grade is AU.

1941 proof Walking Liberty half dollar, PCGS graded PR 65. Apparently the "No AW" [designer's initials] variety, though not so designated on the holder: Photos courtesy of Stacks Bowers Galleries.

It doesn't look like it from what I can see. See the photo on p. 137 of your 2018 Redbook. Here's the photo from NGC VarietyPlus:

2004-2005. See pp. 141-42 of your 2018 Redbook.

Some readers misunderstood my previous post on this topic. By "logged in" I meant signed into the NGC website and this chat board. By being "online" I meant having the computer on and looking at or interacting with a website. We all have things to do other than gazing into a computer monitor or other screen. I understand that for security reasons it's not a good idea to be logged/signed into a website when one isn't interacting with it.

There are a number of 1943 wartime five cent pieces that have a die crack extending from the bottom of the "3". They are often confused with the "3 over 2". I think that the posted coin is one of them.

There are only two "W" mint nickels the 2020-W proofs and reverse proofs that respectively accompanied 2020 clad and silver proof sets. The 2005-2010 "P" and "D" uncirculated set coins had slightly different finishes than those made for circulation. It's up to you whether you want to collect both; if you have the uncirculated sets for those years, you have the so-called "satin finish" ones, and any piece put into circulation or in a roll would be the regular finish. All 1994-S nickels were issued in 1994 clad and silver proof sets and are regular mirror finish frosted proofs. They weren't included in the Coin and Currency set, which you should know as you have one. The 25,000 "matte finish" 1997-P nickels are not considered proofs but are different from the nearly 471 million 1997-P nickels issued for circulation, which are considered the same issue as those included in 1997 uncirculated coin sets.

Only if NGC finds them significant enough to be listed in NGC VarietyPlus and generally only upon payment of an $18 variety attribution fee. The 1890 Seated dime varieties mentioned by the OP are not listed on VarietyPlus, only the F-105 and F-106 misplaced date varieties, which are also listed in the Cherrypickers Guide. Seated Liberty Dimes (1837-1891) | VarietyPlus® | NGC (ngccoin.com).

1942 proof Washington quarter, now NGC graded PR 65:

@Jim Pierce--Welcome to the NGC chat board. You should have posted your question as a new topic and not as a reply to someone else's topic that NGC has already answered. You should use the least expensive tier applicable to the coins you are submitting, which in this case is the Modern tier ($19 per coin) for all U.S. and World coins dated 1965 or later and valued at less than $3,000 each. See NGC Services and Fees | NGC (ngccoin.com). As a new submitter, you should also carefully review the other topics under the "Submit" tab at the top of the NGC home page. You may wish to consider whether these coins are likely to receive high enough grades to be worth the cost of submission, which will also involve a $10 processing fee and $28 return shipping for these five coins, as well as your cost of shipping them to NGC. It doesn't appear that they would be worth the cost of submission unless they achieve high grades such as MS 66. See America the Beautiful Quarters (2010-2021) | Price Guide & Values | NGC (ngccoin.com). If you received them in used change, they are likely to be in AU or lower grades.

Please post a separate topic about each coin about which you have questions and include clear photos of each side of the coin. If these are United States coins, you might want to first try to identify them on an online guide such as the NGC Coin Explorer, Online Coin Catalog Search Page - Coin Explorer | NGC (ngccoin.com).

Your 1973 Lincoln cent was probably struck on a planchet (blank) cut from thin stock, which would account for both its lower than usual weight and its weak strike. It would be worth little or no premium, and it would not be worth spending $37 in grading ($19) and error attribution ($18) fees alone to see if NGC would even attribute it as an error. This assumes that you have submission privileges (minimum $95 per year) and does not include the $10 per order processing fee and minimum $28 per order return shipping fee. Never hold a coin you think may have collector value in your bare hands! This is true for all coins but particularly so for copper alloy coins. Skin oils are what cause copper coins with mint color like yours to turn brown and can also cause them to spot and eventually corrode.

The coin should only "get graded" by you, not by a third-party grading service! Unless you have the grading skills to determine that the coin has sufficient value to justify the substantial cost of grading service submission, you shouldn't even be thinking about submitting coins to grading services. Many 5,000-coin BU bags and rolls of late date wheat cents such as the 1956-D were saved by dealers and collectors, and they remain abundantly common today. These coins most commonly grade no higher than MS 64-65 RD, with retail list values for pieces so certified respectively of $10-$16. Even certified MS 66 RD pieces, which are scarce, only list $45. Uncertified nice red BU pieces like yours are still available for a dollar or less, and certified pieces are usually available for below the list price. Assuming that you already have a paid NGC membership, which starts at $95 per year, it would cost you an "Economy" tier grading fee of $23 to have NGC grade and encapsulate this coin, to which would be added a $10 per order processing fee, a minimum $28 per order return shipping fee, and your own cost of shipping the coin to NGC. See NGC Services and Fees | NGC (ngccoin.com). The coin would only have sufficient value to justify third-party grading if it were to grade at least MS 67 RD. Such pieces are few and far between.